Wherever You Go, Thats Who You Are - 1134 Words

A person’s surroundings have a strong influence on the course of their lives and their character. This is shown in the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. The main character in the story, Amir, lives in Kabul, Afghanistan with his successful and respected father, Baba, and their two servants Ali and Hassan. Amir and Hassan grow up together as very close friends, but their friendship often suffers from the tension of Amirs insecurities, as well as their societys negative view on Hassans Hazara ethnicity. The final thread holding their friendship together is broken when Amir fails to protect Hassan from being raped from the terrorizing Assef. After Hassan leaves Amirs life, political events cause Amir and his father to flee to America, where they take on the challenge of adjusting to a new country. Amir spends years building a life in America, a family and a career, until an old friend calls him back home to offer a chance of redeeming his wrong-doings in his youth. On ret urning to a very different Afghanistan from the one he used to call home, Amir learns Hassan is his illegitimate brother, faces his past, and finds relief in atoning for his sins by rescuing Hassan’s son from Assef. Hosseini uses layered settings: a traditional Kabul, an Afghan community in America, and a Taliban ruled Afghanistan, that intertwine with Amir’s life to create a unique novel. The traditions and mindset of the pre-Taliban Kabul, Afghanistan during Amir’s youth played a large role in hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Patrick Barclay s Award Winning Work1537 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance, while none of those parts relates to the previous one, not in context of Jose Mourinho’s life, but of his traits as an individual as well as a manager. The eight parts are: 1. The Premier One 2. Welcome to England 3. The Formative Years 4. Jose Who? 5. Behind the Mask 6. From Infighting to Ecstasy 7. Mayhem in Madrid 8. 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The Movie The Cage Essay - 720 Words

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Financial Ratio Analysis of Firms

Question: Discuss about the Financial Ratio Analysis of Firms. Answer: Introduction:- The investment related decisions highly depends on the return generating capacity of the investment. Potential investors always intend to invest in such companies, which can provide higher returns. The investors and stakeholders can evaluate the potentiality of any company in respect to its return generating capacity by proper analysis of its past financial performances. Thomas Cook Group Plc. is a popular global travel company with having its headquarter at Peterborough in United Kingdom. Though, it is mainly UK based company, the company uses to operate around all over Europe. The basic operations of the company include world-wide tour-operating services and airline services in UK and Belgium. The company also runs the website, named Hotels4u, for booking hotels. Presently Thomas Cook Group has almost 33,000 employees and 3,000 service outlets. As per the turnover and operation, it is considered as the second largest travel company in allover UK and Europe, as well, after TUI travel. In the last few decades, tourism industry has developed quite significantly. Introduction of low fare airlines has triggered the development and attracted more clients, especially, from the third world countries. Like the other international travel companies, Thomas Cook has also enjoyed the benefits of the industrial growth. However, it has faced tough competition from many low budgeted regional travel companies. Moreover, the company also suffered from financial crisis in the last few years due to high rise in the fuel costs and the unstable political conditions in Middle East Northern Africa, which is one of the favored regions amongst European tourists. The report is prepared to evaluate the financial performances of Thomas Cook Group Plc. for investment related decisions. The financial performances of the company for the last five years have been evaluated under various aspects by using ratio analysis technique. Apart from the financial factors, other important non-financial factors have also been considered for the decision-making process. The financial performance of any company can be classified under different groups in accordance to the different financial aspects. The different aspects help to describe the financial condition of the company from different perspectives. Therefore, the performance evaluation should also be conducted under these different aspects for better analysis (Uechi et al. 2015). The financial performance of Thomas Cook is also evaluated under different aspects through related financial ratios. Profitability:- Profit is the primary objective for any form of business. All the business firms use to invest capital and operate its business activities to earn profit. It not only helps the business firm to fund its business operation but also is the source of returns to the investors of the firm. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the profit generating capacity of the company before any investment. The profitability ratios of Thomas Cook are presented in the table below: Profitability Ratio Analysis:- Particulars 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Revenue (A) 7812 7834 8588 9315 9491.2 Gross Profit (B) 5990 6062 1868 2020 7415.9 Net Profit/Loss (D) 9 19 -115 -213 -590.1 Total Assets (F) 6955 5958 5794 6285 5906.8 Common Stock(H) 391 368 285 548 457.9 Current Liabilities (I) 4630 3702 3894 3688 3540.1 Capital Employed (J=F-I) 2325 2256 1900 2597 2366.7 Operating Profit (K) 205 211 54 13 -319.3 Gross Profit Margin Ratio (C/A) 76.68% 77.38% 21.75% 21.69% 78.13% Net Profit Margin (D/A) 0.12% 0.24% -1.34% -2.29% -6.22% Return on Capital Employed (K/J) 8.82% 9.35% 2.84% 0.50% -13.49% Return on Assets (A/F) 0.001 0.003 -0.02 -0.03 -0.10 Return on Equity (A/H)) 0.02 0.05 -0.40 -0.39 -1.29 The table exhibits that the gross profit margin of the company has fallen down in 2013 and 2012,but again it has increased quite significantly in the last two years. Though from 2012 to 2014, the company the net profit margins were negative, the company has been able to turn into positive. However, still the net profit margin in very low. It has also improved its return on capital employed over the period. Like the net profit margins, the return on assets and equity were also negative in the first three years and have begun to improve in the last two years, though the return rates are not satisfactory at all. It can be stated that from above discussions that from 2012 to 2014, due to high amount of operating and other non-operating expenses, the company could not convert its revenue and gross profits into net profit, rather ended up with net losses. However, it has shown some improvement in the last two years and has been able to generate some net profits. The company has also failed to utilize its assets for generating adequate amount of profit also. During the financial crisis, it had not provided ant return on equity. However, currently it is providing nominal rate of return to the invested equity capital (Babalola and Abiola 2013). Dividend and Market Performance:- Dividends and market performance in terms of stock market are two major factors, considered by the investors. The following table describes the dividend policy and market performances of the company: 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Earning Per Share 0.8 1.6 -8.2 -17.1 -67.2 Proposed Dividend 0.5 0 0 0 0 Book Value per Share 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Market Value per Share 92.74 140.83 166.29 41.38 12.72 Total Assets 6955 5958 5794 6285 5906.8 Total Equity 391 368 285 548 458 Dividend Payout Ratio 63% 0% 0% 0% 0% Dividend Yield Rate 0.54% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Assets Value per Share 1.78 1.62 2.03 1.15 1.29 P/E Ratio 115.93 88.02 -20.28 -2.42 -0.19 The table shows that the Dividend payout ratio and dividend yield rate, both were nil in the initial four years. It has been caused as the company was unable to pay dividends due to the huge losses, incurred in the first three years.. However, in the current year, the company has paid 63% of its net earnings as dividend. The dividend yield rate, which reflects the return rate in accordance to the market price per share, is presently 0.54%, which can be regarded as poor also. The P/E ratio describes the net earning generating capacity of any company in comparison to the market value per share. It had been negative also from 2012 to 2014. However from 2015, it has become positive and currently it is quite high comparing to the last 4 years. It can be sated that though the company was unable to provide any returns to its shareholders during the first few years, the market performance has improved in the last two years. The company is providing returns to the investors in terms of net earnings and dividends. However, the return rates are not very satisfactory in comparison to the other companies (Bodie et al. 2014). Financial Stability Liquidity:- Financial stability and liquidity position implies the financial strength of any business. Financial stability describes whether the business is able to continue its operation in long term or not. The stability ratios of Thomas Cook are shown below: b) Long-Term Stability Ratio Analysis:- 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Total Equity (A) 391 368 285 548 457.9 Total Liabilities (B) 6,564 5,590 5,509 5,737 5,449 Total Assets ( C) 6955 5958 5794 6285 5906.8 Debt to Equity Ratio (B/A) 16.79 15.19 19.33 10.47 11.90 Equity Ratio (A/C) 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.08 Debt Ratio (B/C) 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.91 0.92 The table states that the debt-to-equity ratio and debt ratio are very high, whereas, the equity ratio is too low for all the five years. It implies that the company uses to raise its capital mostly through debt financing. The assets are majorly funded by debt capital also. It may help the company to lower down its cost of capital, but it also indicates that the company does not have any internal reserve to continue its operation (Heikal et al. 2014). The liquidity ratios describes the ability of any firm to cover its current liabilities through its current assets. The ratios of Thomas Cook are calculated in the following table: c) Short-Term Liquidity Ratio Analysis:- 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Total Current Assets (A) 2656 2035 1829 1933 1524.2 Inventory (B) 43 52 34 38 30.5 Income before Interest Taxes ( C) 15 29 -106.8 -195.9 -373.9 Interest Expense (D) 6 10 8.2 17.1 216.2 Total Current Liabilities (F) 4630 3702 3894 3688 3540.1 Current Ratio (A/F) 0.57 0.55 0.47 0.52 0.43 Quick Ratio [(A-B)/F) 0.56 0.54 0.46 0.51 0.42 Time Interest Earned Ratio (C/D) 2.50 2.90 -13.02 -11.46 -1.73 From the table, it can be stated that the current ratios and quick ratios during the period were below 0.6. The time interest earned ratios over the first three year were negative, whereas, in the last two years, it is above 2. It indicates that the company does not maintain sufficient current assets to pay off its current liabilities. Moreover, due to huge losses, initially the company did not have the ability to pay its interest expenses out of its net income. However, after improving its profit earning capacity in the last two years, it has enough income to cover the interest expenses (Wahlen et al. 2014). There are many other financial factors, which may create impact on the market value of the company. The factors, which should be considered for evaluating Thomas Cook are described below: Important Information:- The important information, disclosed by the companies regarding its financial performance and other activities, often affect the market price of the stocks. Thomas Cook provides many important details in its official website. The quarterly and annual financial reports, published in the website, help the investors to evaluate the growth or downfall of the performance properly. Moreover, many corporate news, like, introduction of new own brand hotels and announcement of new partnership ventures with Fosun and Ingo Burmester, also create impact on the performances (Thomascookgroup.com, 2017). Such news helps the company to attract new investors and increase the share value in the stock market. Market Report:- Apart from the companys reports, it is necessary to analyze the market reports of the company from various sources. The UK tourism statistics report for 2015 provides detail description of the industry performance for the last few years. It states that the huge loss, incurred by Thomas Cook in the initial period, were not caused only for the poor performance of the company. Most of the large travel companies, as well as, the airlines companies, faced the same consequences. It had been caused due to drastic increase of fuel costs. The travel companies were unable to provide economic tour packages to the clients and loss many customers accordingly. Many customers shifted to lower budgeted packages, offered by the small travel companies. However, within the last few years, the large travel companies have developed many economic plans to recover its clients. It has been observed that to offer low budget tour packages and maintain the service quality, as well, most of large travel agencies have merged with small airlines companies so that they can control the travel cost accordingly (www.tourismallianc e.com, 2017). Thomas Cook has also introduced its own airlines company under the brand name Condor. It has also planned to introduce own hotel chains. Thus, the company is not only trying to reduce the travelling cost, but also, the accommodation and fooding costs, as well. Higher Management:- Higher management and the board directors of any company use to take all the important decisions. Hence, the credentials of the higher management and the directors should be checked also for investment decisions. The board of directors of Thomas Cook is consisted with one chairman, two executive directors and five non-executive directors. Currently, Peter Fankhauser is the Group Chief Executive Officer, who governs over all the departments of the company and Michael Healy, the other executive director, looks over the finance department mainly. The other non-executive directors work independently (Thomascookgroup.com, 2017). Conclusion:- From the above discussion, it can be stated that Thomas Cook Group Plc. was suffering from financial crisis for the last few years due to the poor performance of the company and overall tourism industry, as well. Currently it is recovering its financial strength and financial position gradually. The company has begun to earn profit again, but the profit margins are very low. Moreover, the company has still not recovered its financial strength completely. It has large debts in the market. The liquidity position is also not stable yet. The asset value per share of the company, as shown above, is very low in comparison to the market price per share. It indicates that the market price of the company stocks is overvalued, as it is not supported by sufficient amount of asset. However, the poor financial performance of Thomas Cook is a result of industrial downfall. The company has taken several initiatives to improve its financial position in the next few years. Therefore, it can be concluded that though Thomas Cook Group Plc. has shown improvement in its performance in the recent years, considering its poor return rate and unstable financial strength, it is better to invest in its stock after observing its performance for the next year also. References Babalola, Y.A. and Abiola, F.R., 2013. Financial ratio analysis of firms: A tool for decision making.International journal of management sciences,1(4), pp.132-137 Bodie, Z., Kane, A. and Marcus, A.J., 2014.Investments, 10e. McGraw-Hill Education Heikal, M., Khaddafi, M. and Ummah, A., 2014. Influence analysis of return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM), debt To equity ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR), against corporate profit growth in automotive In Indonesia stock exchange.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(12), p.101 Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning Thomascookgroup.com. (2017).Thomas Cook Group Board of Directors. [online] Available at: https://www.thomascookgroup.com/board-of-directors/ [Accessed 10 Feb. 2017]. Thomascookgroup.com. (2017).Thomas Cook Group Corporate News. [online] Available at: https://www.thomascookgroup.com/category/corporate-news/ [Accessed 10 Feb. 2017]. Thomascookgroup.com. (2017).Thomas Cook Group Reports and Presentations. [online] Available at: https://www.thomascookgroup.com/reports-and-presentations/ [Accessed 10 Feb. 2017]. Uechi, L., Akutsu, T., Stanley, H.E., Marcus, A.J. and Kenett, D.Y., 2015. Sector dominance ratio analysis of financial markets.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,421, pp.488-509 Wahlen, J., Baginski, S. and Bradshaw, M., 2014.Financial reporting, financial statement analysis and valuation. Nelson Education Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons www.tourismalliance.com. (2017).UK Tourism Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.tourismalliance.com/downloads/TA_390_415.pdf [Accessed 10 Feb. 2017]. Financial Ratio Analysis of Firms Questions: 1. Identify the profits, earnings- discuss, the 5 years trend, economic condition, calculate the ratios and interpret the results for 5 years on the financial performance? 2. Identify dividends (including a comprehensive ratio analysis) calculate the ratios and interpret the results for 5 years on the financial performance? 3. Financial stability and liquidity (including a comprehensive ratio analysis)calculate the ratios and interpret the results for 5 years on the financial performanc? 4. Research the webpage for any information about the companys performance or any news that has an impact on their performance? Answers: Introduction:- The investment related decisions highly depends on the return generating capacity of the investment. Potential investors always intend to invest in such companies, which can provide higher returns. The investors and stakeholders can evaluate the potentiality of any company in respect to its return generating capacity by proper analysis of its past financial performances. Thomas Cook Group Plc. is a popular global travel company with having its headquarter at Peterborough in United Kingdom. Though, it is mainly UK based company, the company uses to operate around all over Europe. The basic operations of the company include world-wide tour-operating services and airline services in UK and Belgium. The company also runs the website, named Hotels4u, for booking hotels. Presently Thomas Cook Group has almost 33,000 employees and 3,000 service outlets. As per the turnover and operation, it is considered as the second largest travel company in allover UK and Europe, as well, after TUI travel. In the last few decades, tourism industry has developed quite significantly. Introduction of low fare airlines has triggered the development and attracted more clients, especially, from the third world countries. Like the other international travel companies, Thomas Cook has also enjoyed the benefits of the industrial growth. However, it has faced tough competition from many low budgeted regional travel companies. Moreover, the company also suffered from financial crisis in the last few years due to high rise in the fuel costs and the unstable political conditions in Middle East Northern Africa, which is one of the favored regions amongst European tourists. The report is prepared to evaluate the financial performances of Thomas Cook Group Plc. for investment related decisions. The financial performances of the company for the last five years have been evaluated under various aspects by using ratio analysis technique. Apart from the financial factors, other important non-financial factors have also been considered for the decision-making process. The financial performance of any company can be classified under different groups in accordance to the different financial aspects. The different aspects help to describe the financial condition of the company from different perspectives. Therefore, the performance evaluation should also be conducted under these different aspects for better analysis (Uechi et al. 2015). The financial performance of Thomas Cook is also evaluated under different aspects through related financial ratios. 1. Profitability:- Profit is the primary objective for any form of business. All the business firms use to invest capital and operate its business activities to earn profit. It not only helps the business firm to fund its business operation but also is the source of returns to the investors of the firm. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the profit generating capacity of the company before any investment. The profitability ratios of Thomas Cook are presented in the table below: Profitability Ratio Analysis:- Particulars 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Revenue (A) 7812 7834 8588 9315 9491.2 Gross Profit (B) 5990 6062 1868 2020 7415.9 Net Profit/Loss (D) 9 19 -115 -213 -590.1 Total Assets (F) 6955 5958 5794 6285 5906.8 Common Stock(H) 391 368 285 548 457.9 Current Liabilities (I) 4630 3702 3894 3688 3540.1 Capital Employed (J=F-I) 2325 2256 1900 2597 2366.7 Operating Profit (K) 205 211 54 13 -319.3 Gross Profit Margin Ratio (C/A) 76.68% 77.38% 21.75% 21.69% 78.13% Net Profit Margin (D/A) 0.12% 0.24% -1.34% -2.29% -6.22% Return on Capital Employed (K/J) 8.82% 9.35% 2.84% 0.50% -13.49% Return on Assets (A/F) 0.001 0.003 -0.02 -0.03 -0.10 Return on Equity (A/H)) 0.02 0.05 -0.40 -0.39 -1.29 The table exhibits that the gross profit margin of the company has fallen down in 2013 and 2012,but again it has increased quite significantly in the last two years. Though from 2012 to 2014, the company the net profit margins were negative, the company has been able to turn into positive. However, still the net profit margin in very low. It has also improved its return on capital employed over the period. Like the net profit margins, the return on assets and equity were also negative in the first three years and have begun to improve in the last two years, though the return rates are not satisfactory at all. It can be stated that from above discussions that from 2012 to 2014, due to high amount of operating and other non-operating expenses, the company could not convert its revenue and gross profits into net profit, rather ended up with net losses. However, it has shown some improvement in the last two years and has been able to generate some net profits. The company has also failed to utilize its assets for generating adequate amount of profit also. During the financial crisis, it had not provided ant return on equity. However, currently it is providing nominal rate of return to the invested equity capital (Babalola and Abiola 2013). 2. Dividend and Market Performance:- Dividends and market performance in terms of stock market are two major factors, considered by the investors. The following table describes the dividend policy and market performances of the company: The table shows that the Dividend payout ratio and dividend yield rate, both were nil in the initial four years. It has been caused as the company was unable to pay dividends due to the huge losses, incurred in the first three years.. However, in the current year, the company has paid 63% of its net earnings as dividend. The dividend yield rate, which reflects the return rate in accordance to the market price per share, is presently 0.54%, which can be regarded as poor also. The P/E ratio describes the net earning generating capacity of any company in comparison to the market value per share. It had been negative also from 2012 to 2014. However from 2015, it has become positive and currently it is quite high comparing to the last 4 years. It can be sated that though the company was unable to provide any returns to its shareholders during the first few years, the market performance has improved in the last two years. The company is providing returns to the investors in terms of net earnings and dividends. However, the return rates are not very satisfactory in comparison to the other companies (Bodie et al. 2014). 3. Financial Stability Liquidity: Financial stability and liquidity position implies the financial strength of any business. Financial stability describes whether the business is able to continue its operation in long term or not. The stability ratios of Thomas Cook are shown below: b) Long-Term Stability Ratio Analysis:- 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Total Equity (A) 391 368 285 548 457.9 Total Liabilities (B) 6,564 5,590 5,509 5,737 5,449 Total Assets ( C) 6955 5958 5794 6285 5906.8 Debt to Equity Ratio (B/A) 16.79 15.19 19.33 10.47 11.90 Equity Ratio (A/C) 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.08 Debt Ratio (B/C) 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.91 0.92 The table states that the debt-to-equity ratio and debt ratio are very high, whereas, the equity ratio is too low for all the five years. It implies that the company uses to raise its capital mostly through debt financing. The assets are majorly funded by debt capital also. It may help the company to lower down its cost of capital, but it also indicates that the company does not have any internal reserve to continue its operation (Heikal et al. 2014). The liquidity ratios describes the ability of any firm to cover its current liabilities through its current assets. The ratios of Thomas Cook are calculated in the following table: c) Short-Term Liquidity Ratio Analysis:- 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Total Current Assets (A) 2656 2035 1829 1933 1524.2 Inventory (B) 43 52 34 38 30.5 Income before Interest Taxes ( C) 15 29 -106.8 -195.9 -373.9 Interest Expense (D) 6 10 8.2 17.1 216.2 Total Current Liabilities (F) 4630 3702 3894 3688 3540.1 Current Ratio (A/F) 0.57 0.55 0.47 0.52 0.43 Quick Ratio [(A-B)/F) 0.56 0.54 0.46 0.51 0.42 Time Interest Earned Ratio (C/D) 2.50 2.90 -13.02 -11.46 -1.73 From the table, it can be stated that the current ratios and quick ratios during the period were below 0.6. The time interest earned ratios over the first three year were negative, whereas, in the last two years, it is above 2. It indicates that the company does not maintain sufficient current assets to pay off its current liabilities. Moreover, due to huge losses, initially the company did not have the ability to pay its interest expenses out of its net income. However, after improving its profit earning capacity in the last two years, it has enough income to cover the interest expenses (Wahlen et al. 2014). There are many other financial factors, which may create impact on the market value of the company. The factors, which should be considered for evaluating Thomas Cook are described below: 4. Important Information:- The important information, disclosed by the companies regarding its financial performance and other activities, often affect the market price of the stocks. Thomas Cook provides many important details in its official website. The quarterly and annual financial reports, published in the website, help the investors to evaluate the growth or downfall of the performance properly. Moreover, many corporate news, like, introduction of new own brand hotels and announcement of new partnership ventures with Fosun and Ingo Burmester, also create impact on the performances (Thomascookgroup.com, 2017). Such news helps the company to attract new investors and increase the share value in the stock market. Market Report:- Apart from the companys reports, it is necessary to analyze the market reports of the company from various sources. The UK tourism statistics report for 2015 provides detail description of the industry performance for the last few years. It states that the huge loss, incurred by Thomas Cook in the initial period, were not caused only for the poor performance of the company. Most of the large travel companies, as well as, the airlines companies, faced the same consequences. It had been caused due to drastic increase of fuel costs. The travel companies were unable to provide economic tour packages to the clients and loss many customers accordingly. Many customers shifted to lower budgeted packages, offered by the small travel companies. However, within the last few years, the large travel companies have developed many economic plans to recover its clients. It has been observed that to offer low budget tour packages and maintain the service quality, as well, most of large travel agencies have merged with small airlines companies so that they can control the travel cost accordingly (www.tourismallianc e.com, 2017). Thomas Cook has also introduced its own airlines company under the brand name Condor. It has also planned to introduce own hotel chains. Thus, the company is not only trying to reduce the travelling cost, but also, the accommodation and fooding costs, as well. Higher Management:- Higher management and the board directors of any company use to take all the important decisions. Hence, the credentials of the higher management and the directors should be checked also for investment decisions. The board of directors of Thomas Cook is consisted with one chairman, two executive directors and five non-executive directors. Currently, Peter Fankhauser is the Group Chief Executive Officer, who governs over all the departments of the company and Michael Healy, the other executive director, looks over the finance department mainly. The other non-executive directors work independently (Thomascookgroup.com, 2017). Conclusion:- From the above discussion, it can be stated that Thomas Cook Group Plc. was suffering from financial crisis for the last few years due to the poor performance of the company and overall tourism industry, as well. Currently it is recovering its financial strength and financial position gradually. The company has begun to earn profit again, but the profit margins are very low. Moreover, the company has still not recovered its financial strength completely. It has large debts in the market. The liquidity position is also not stable yet. The asset value per share of the company, as shown above, is very low in comparison to the market price per share. It indicates that the market price of the company stocks is overvalued, as it is not supported by sufficient amount of asset. However, the poor financial performance of Thomas Cook is a result of industrial downfall. The company has taken several initiatives to improve its financial position in the next few years. Therefore, it can be concluded that though Thomas Cook Group Plc. has shown improvement in its performance in the recent years, considering its poor return rate and unstable financial strength, it is better to invest in its stock after observing its performance for the next year also. References Bibliography:- Babalola, Y.A. and Abiola, F.R., 2013. Financial ratio analysis of firms: A tool for decision making.International journal of management sciences,1(4), pp.132-137 Bodie, Z., Kane, A. and Marcus, A.J., 2014.Investments, 10e. McGraw-Hill Education Heikal, M., Khaddafi, M. and Ummah, A., 2014. Influence analysis of return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM), debt To equity ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR), against corporate profit growth in automotive In Indonesia stock exchange.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(12), p.101 Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning Thomascookgroup.com. (2017).Thomas Cook Group Board of Directors. [online] Available at: https://www.thomascookgroup.com/board-of-directors/ [Accessed 10 Feb. 2017]. Thomascookgroup.com. (2017).Thomas Cook Group Corporate News. [online] Available at: https://www.thomascookgroup.com/category/corporate-news/ [Accessed 10 Feb. 2017]. Thomascookgroup.com. (2017).Thomas Cook Group Reports and Presentations. [online] Available at: https://www.thomascookgroup.com/reports-and-presentations/ [Accessed 10 Feb. 2017]. Uechi, L., Akutsu, T., Stanley, H.E., Marcus, A.J. and Kenett, D.Y., 2015. Sector dominance ratio analysis of financial markets.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,421, pp.488-509 Wahlen, J., Baginski, S. and Bradshaw, M., 2014.Financial reporting, financial statement analysis and valuation. Nelson Education Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons www.tourismalliance.com. (2017).UK Tourism Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.tourismalliance.com/downloads/TA_390_415.pdf [Accessed 10 Feb. 2017].

The Truman Doctrine

Historical background The outcome of the World War II (WWII) led to emergence of two supers power; The United States and Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). This meant that the two had assumed greater responsibility in world affairs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Truman Doctrine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They both embarked on setting up foundations that would establish them as the new masters of the new world, albeit with different approaches which were largely shaped by their traditional ideologies dating centuries ago. Because of fundamental differences in their ideologies; capitalism and communism, and having defeated a common enemy and therefore no common goal of union, divisions ensued. The Soviet Union quickly and aggressively moved to establish its influence in Europe. It succeeded in Eastern and Central Europe and Far East Asia setting up communism governments in Bulgaria, Romania, Lao s, Thailand, Vietnam and Northern Korea. It further sought to maintain and expand its territorial control over Poland in disregard to the Yalta Accord which granted it control over Eastern Poland and left the North and West to the Polish government ironically going against one of the goals of the just concluded war; to stop territorial violations. In the Middle East, the Soviet Union was reluctant to withdraw from Northern Iran as earlier agreed with Western Powers perhaps due to the huge oil resources in the region. In repositioning itself as the main power in Eastern Europe, it started seeking direct route to the Black sea; a passage that would have been beneficial in the event of an outbreak of war with the West. This required that it presses Turkey to grant it access to Bosporus and Dardanelles Strait, something which was unlikely Turkey would accept. Soviet expansion tendencies even grew evident in the Far East where it continued its hold on Manchuria (the most highly industria lized portion of China) despite the surrender of Japan. The Soviet Union also adopted a confrontational stance against the United States, at one point Stalin, the Soviet Leader, perhaps aware of United States sentiments about their expansions remarking that â€Å"conflict with the capitalist West was inevitable† (Watson, Gleek and Grillo 49). The Union had also shown great disinterest in diplomatic efforts by United States to maintain friendly ties in recent post-war treaties and accords.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prior to the World War II the US had â€Å"practiced a policy of isolationism† whereby, it did not actively participate in political affairs outside its boundaries (Watson et al.42). Even after the end of the World War II it did not start to aggressively sell it ideologies to friendly nations. However, it soon became impossible to ignore the growing expansi on of the Soviet bloc. Pressure starting mounting for it to act. In 1946 the media reported that a Soviet ring was working in the United States passing secrete information on nuclear programs to Kremlin. This created and elevated anti-soviet sentiments in the public. The Republicans also became critical of the ruling democrats policies towards the Soviets which they considered ‘soft ’and ineffective (Watson et al. 46). In 1946, The United States sprang to action, withdrawing recognition of the communist Bulgarian government, openly supporting Iran on independence and strengthening ties with Turkey thus setting the stage for confrontation with the Soviet Union (Watson et al, 46). However, what would set off the containment of soviet expansion, and its eventual collapse would follow later. Britain, under Winston Churchill also bore the brutality and ruinous effects of the WWII. At the end of war, it lost all of its vast colonial empire and harvested a dire financial crisi s at home. This made it halt it financial obligations abroad. In the final days before its departure it formally requested the United States to take over the responsibility of Greece whom it had all along supported. At this time, the Greek government was facing a financial crisis and an insurgency from communist groups in the north of the country. It was agreed that the Greek government had to be kept in power. It was feared its fall could have set a bad precedent and negatively impact on adoption of capitalism in the region (Watson et al. 48). In addition, strategic Turkey had also to be economically supported to weaken Soviet infiltration and maintain order in its neighbors (Fried n.pag). Another important development in the build up to the containment policy was a situation-analysis telegram sent from the American ambassador to Moscow, George. F. Keenan. In his telegram Keenan made a strong case for the containment of the growing spread of soviet influence over Europe. These deve lopments presented an opportunity to formally launch a policy offensive against the Soviet Union and on March 12, 1947 President Harry S. Truman, in an address to a joint session of congress, requested for approval of economic aid to Greece and Turkey.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Truman Doctrine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The speech marked the beginning of the policy of soviet containment. This policy came to be known as the Truman Doctrine and would significantly shape the United States foreign policy for many decades to come. Significance and Impact In his speech, Truman stated that: â€Å"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure† (Hollitz 176). This statement has been cited by many as the best indication of the policy which was later adopted and implemented, the polic y of soviet containment. In an apparent reference to Soviet Union, he stated that: â€Å"The†¦ United States has made frequent protests against coercion and intimidation, in violation of the Yalta agreement in Poland, Romania and Bulgaria. I†¦also state that in a number of countries, there have been similar developments† (Hollitz 176). Truman also proposed that the policy be effected through help urging that â€Å"†¦ our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and political processes† (Hollitz 176). In this respect he requested congress appropriate $400 million for military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece. This was later approved. By acceding to Britain’s request, the US had formally assumed greater role and responsibility in these regions (Pulis 68). It also signified the start and was the basis of United States policy on ‘cold war’ which was characterized by large sc ale espionage activities between the two superpowers that continued late into the 20th century. The Truman Doctrine had many lasting effects. It ushered an era of active involvement of United States in overseas affairs. It led the United States to actively pursue what it considered as vital interests abroad. The policy also completely polarized the world into east and west.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The West (United States and Western European nations) practiced and championed democratic system and capitalism. The East (Soviet Unions and its satellite nations) was governed on communism and socialism principles. Legacy The Truman Doctrine has been hailed by many as a success for United States and its allies. Its proponents claim it succeeded in containing the spread of communism to Western Europe (Watson et al). They hold that the economic aid revamped the economies of these nations leading to peace and stability that is still enjoyed to date and that this was achieved without direct military intervention. This has been attributed to massive economic aid under The Marshall Plan, which some believe was â€Å"simply an extension of the Truman Doctrine† (Pozuelo-Monfort 221). They also point out that the policy also contributed to the eventual disintegration and fall of other only other superpower, USSR (Fried). The doctrine, to a large extend, also entrenched United States involvement in world affairs and buried centuries of policies of isolationism.It also significantly contributed to the US emerging as only superpower after the 1989 collapse of the Soviet Union and as the â€Å"leader of the free world† (Pulis 69). David Fried, assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian Affairs on the 60th anniversary of the Truman Doctrine wrote that it â€Å"cemented the promotion of democracy [and] in terms of human freedom and dignity, †¦ represents perhaps the most successful foreign policy initiative undertaken by the United States† Critism Opponents of the doctrine have claimed that it did not leave up to its promises of freeing the oppressed from totalitarian regimes. They cite cases where the United States supported anticommunist but openly tyrannical regimes in Philippines, Indonesia, Iran Nicaragua, Iran and Iraq (Briley n.pag). They also claim that the doctrine â€Å"set the precedence of using troubled nations as pawns in a gigantic context of will with the Soviet Union† (Pulis, 69). Others have termed it as simply a calculated move to â€Å"dictate the domestic politics of foreign nations† (Watson et.al 49). It has also been alleged that the anti-communism goal of the doctrine led to the ‘Cold War’ and wars in Korea and Vietnam that only served to create and â€Å"elevate global resentment towards the United States† (Briley n.pag). Conclusion The implementation of Truman Doctrine policy certainly was without blemish. However, its overall outcome has years later, proved more beneficial to the world. Today much of the world enjoys peace and stability thanks to simple but strong statements outlined by a bold leader more than half century ago. It should serve as a good example that the potential effects of a presidential doctrine of a powerful nation should never be taken lightly. It may greatly influence foreign policies for many years to come. Work Cited Briley, Ron. â€Å"Mixed Legacy of the Truman Doctrine†. Milestonedocuments.com. Schlager Group, 29 Mar.2010.Web.23 Apr.2011. Fried, Daniel.†Enduring Legacy†. NYtimes.com.New York Times Company, 12 Mar.2007. Web. Hollitz, John. Contending Voices: Since1865 (vol 2).3rd ed. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2010.Print. Pozuelo-Monfort, Jaime. New Architecture of Capitalism.Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. 2010. Print. Pulis, Fred. Impact and Legacy Years. 1941, 1947, 1968.Bloomington: Traford Publishing, 2007.Print. Watson, P Robert, Charles Gleek and Micheal Grillo. Presidential Doctrines: National Security from Woodrow Wilson to George W.Bush. New York: Nova Publisher, 2003. Web. This essay on The Truman Doctrine was written and submitted by user Joslyn Carver to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The truman doctrine

Linear Motion Lab Essays

Linear Motion Lab Essays Linear Motion Lab Paper Linear Motion Lab Paper 2. LINEAR MOTION In this experiment you will study the motion of an object in one dimension from a number of points of view. You will demonstrate how the variables of motion are related by differentiation and integration and investigate the relationship between potential and kinetic energy. Theory Why Study Motion? Motion is everywhere in the universe. Only at a temperature of absolute zero is the motion in any body truly absent. If motion exists then so also does energy. To the delight of the modern-day physicist the tools that were invented by Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton and others 200 years ago to describe motion apply everywhere in the universe, from electrons in our own bodies to the farthest galaxy. The study of motion and of energy is at the heart of physics. This experiment deals with motion of the simplest kind, motion in one dimension or motion in a straight line. Kinematics and Dynamics The subject of motion is divided for convenience into the subtopics of kinematics and dynamics. Kinematics is concerned with the aspects of motion that exclude the forces that cause motion. In a manner of speaking, kinematics is focussed on the development of definitions: position, displacement, velocity, acceleration and on the relationships that exist between them. Dynamics widens the study of motion to include the concepts of force and energy. Definitions Position Kinematics begins with the idea of position. Suppose that we photograph an object moving to the left along a horizontal path at two instants of time and superimpose the images for study (Figure 1). We examine one image with a ruler and mark off the number of units that separate the object from the ruler’s zero. The zero is a reference or origin at a position of zero units by definition. The position of the object at any another place is, say x units. x is an instantaneous quantity since it applies to a specific clock time- the instant the photograph was taken. Position like length is a basic quantity and is dependent only on the unit used. But position involves direction also. In principle the object could be to our right or to our left. To include the information of direction we use a vector. The magnitude or length of the vector, say r, is r (or perhaps x), while the direction is to the right, meaning the object is to the right of the reference point. We could also agree that, by convention, the sign of x is positive in this particular case. Elapsed Time The two positions of the object in Figure 1 must be described with different vectors and different clock times. The photographs can be said to show two events, an initial â€Å"i† event and a final â€Å"f† event. There is now an elapsed time between the events equal to the simple difference: ?t = t f – t i , †¦[1] unit seconds, abbreviated s). Keep in mind that the concepts of clock time and elapsed time are different; an elapsed time is the difference between two clock times. L2-1 L2 Linear Motion 0 rf clock time tf object ri displacement ? r = rf – ri clock time ti object ? r = v ? t Figure 1. This drawing illustrates an object moving toward the origin (left) â€Å"photographed† at two positions. The corresponding clock times are indicated. Position, displacement and velocity vectors are given different head styles to emphasize their different natures. Displacement Displacement differs from position. In the elapsed time between the events the object moves from one position to another. The displacement is the difference between the two vectors describing the two positions: d. Eq[3] then becomes what is known as the instantaneous velocity ? dr ? =v. dt †¦[4] ? ? ? ? r = rf – ri , †¦[2] (unit meters, abbreviated m). Displacement, being the difference between two vectors, is also a vector. The displacement is negative in this case (according to our convention) since it points towards the origin. Velocity Average Velocity. Another quantity in kinematics is the average velocity. This is the displacement an object undergoes in one second of elapsed time. It is the ratio ? ? This quantity is abstract and tricky to imagine: it can be thought of as the average velocity that might be measured with a superior detection system over an infinitely short elapsed time (or the velocity at a specific clock time). In practice, with equipment available in a first year physics lab, it can be measured only approximately. If the displacement is known as an analytical function of time, r(t), then the instantaneous velocity at some clock time t0 is the tangent to the function at t0, or the first derivative of r(t) at t0. The finding of tangents is one of the objectives of this experiment. Acceleration The velocity of the object in Figure 1 may change with time. The velocity might decrease as a result of a force of friction between the object and the path. Or the velocity might increase if the path were not horizontal and a component of the force of gravity acts on the object. The time rate of change of the average velocity is called the average acceleration and the time rate of change of the instantaneous velocity is called the instantaneous acceleration. Both types of acceleration are defined as in eqs[3] and [4] with â€Å"v† subsituted for â€Å"r â€Å"and â€Å"a† substituted for â€Å"v†. ? ? r rf – ri ? = =v, ? t ? t †¦[3] (unit meters per second, abbreviated m. s–1). The average velocity, being a vector divided by a scalar, is a vector. The average velocity is negative here, too, since it points towards the origin. The magnitude of the average velocity is the speed. The elapsed time in eqs[1] and [3] is a finite interval. What would happen if this interval were infinitely small? Mathematically speaking, this amounts to taking the limit of eq[3] as ? t>0. The increments ? ust be replaced by the differentials L2-2 Linear Motion L2 Motion of an Object Whose Velocity is Constant In this experiment you will mostly be studying the motion of an object whose velocity is changing. However, for purposes of completeness we first consider motion at constant velocity. The case of an object moving t owards the origin on a horizontal plane is drawn in Figure 2. We suppose that the data pairs (t, r), where t is the clock time and r is the position are measurable at regular intervals by some detection system. Two such points when plotted on a graph might appear as shown in the upper half of Figure 3. A computer could be programmed to calculate the â€Å"average velocity† as the slope between the two datapoints and plot it as a point on a graph (lower half of Figure 3). The result is negative, the sign indicating the direction of the velocity vector. The computer software used in this experiment does something similar by finding the average velocity by averaging over the slopes between a number of datapairs (7 by default). Thus if a number of datapoints were measured and the results plotted on a graph, the result might resemble Figure 4. As the glider approaches the origin here the position decreases but always remains positive. The velocity remains at a constant negative value. The velocity is therefore just the derivative or the slope of the displacement versus clock time graph (or the slope of the position versus clock time graph here in one dimension). The velocity is seen to change little (if at all) with clock time and so the acceleration (decceleration) is very small. Motion Detector 0 clock time: tf rf clock time: ti ri positive displacement ? r = rf – ri v = ? r also to the left ? t Figure 2. An object is shown at two positions (events) while moving toward a detector on a horizontal plane. ti , ri ) Position ( tf , rf ) clock time Velocity ( tf , vf ) Figure 3. A graph of the two position-clock time datapoints described in Figure 2. Shown also is a point on the velocity graph as it might be generated from the slope between the two datapoints multiplied by the sign of the velocity vector. L2-3 L2 Linear Motion Figure 4. Typical position and velocity graphs as might be produced for an object mo ving as shown in Figure 2. Can you see how these graphs are consistent with Figure 3? Motion of an Object Whose Velocity is Changing with Time In this experiment you will mostly be ignoring the effects of the force of friction. However, for purposes of understanding it is useful to consider friction briefly. A small force of friction must exist between the glider and the layer of air on which it moves because the glider is seen to slow down. Friction acts opposite to the direction of motion (to the right in Figure 2) and therefore produces an acceleration also toward the right. This acceleration is often described as a decceleration in the sense that it is opposite to the velocity and describes a velocity decrease. (The object is slowing down. The velocity and acceleration versus clock time graphs in this case will resemble Figure 5. It is known from other experiments (â€Å"Simple Measurements†) that the force of friction, though small, has a complicated functional form giving rise to a decceleration that depends on the first (and sometimes the second) power of the speed. Gravity, unlike friction, is a constant forc e and is therefore much easier to deal with; the effect of gravity on motion we consider in the next section. Figure 5. Velocity and acceleration graphs for an object moving as shown in Figure 2 while subject to a small force of friction. Remember, graphed here are the magnitudes of the vectors multiplied by the sign corresponding to the direction of the vectors. Motion of an Object Whose Acceleration is Constant and Nonzero An object moving with constant non-zero acceleration down an inclined plane (neglecting friction) is shown in Figure 6. Its free body diagram is drawn in Figure 6b. Starting from the assumption that the acceleration is constant and nonzero we can develop the mathematics of the object’s motion using successive integration. If friction is negligible, then the L2-4 Linear Motion L2 agnitude of the force giving rise to the object’s movement is the component of the force of gravity along the incline, that is, where C2 is another constant of integration. C2 = r(0), the position at a clock time of 0 seconds; thus F = ma = –mgsin ? , †¦[5] r(t) – r(0) = 1 2 at + v(0)t . 2 †¦[9] where the minus sign means that the force vector points towards the origin. The glider†™s instantaneous speed at some arbitrary clock time t is obtained by integrating a from eq[5]: 1 v(t) = ? adt = at + C1 , where C1 is a constant of integration. C1 is the instantaneous speed at a clock time of 0 seconds, i. . , the quantity v(0); thus We can now make the following correspondence. If at event i we let ti = 0, then ri = r(0) and vi = v(0). Then we can also write for the event f, tf = t, rf = r(tf) and vf = v(tf). Then equations [9] and [7] take on the more familiar forms: rf – ri = and 1 2 at – v it 2 †¦[10] †¦[11] v f = vi + at . v(t) = v(0) + at . †¦[7] The glider’s position at the clock time t is found by integrating v(t) from eq[7]: r(t) = ? v(t)dt , = ? (at + v(0))dt , = 1 2 at + v(0)t + C2 , 2 †¦[8] In this experiment you can test these equations with the detection system and software several ways. Firstly, you can test if the position, velocity and acceleration data you collect really is described by functions of the form of eqs[10] and [11]. In other words, you can perform polynomial â€Å"fits† to the data, finding in the process the value of a. You can test the differential and integral relationships between the variables by invoking the options of slope and integral. These are some of the objectives of this experiment. ti , vi tf , vf Motion Detector rf m g sin ? 0 ? ? r = rf – ri (a) (b) ri posi tive N mg Figure 6. (a) A object is shown at two positions while moving down an inclined plane. The object’s free body diagram is shown in (b). The object is â€Å"pulled† toward the origin by the component of the force of gravity mgsin?. The acceleration is negative here according to the sign convention employed by the detection system. L2-5 L2 Linear Motion Work and Mechanical Energy In Figure 6 the object is shown moving down an inclined plane. It is therefore accelerating. Any time an object is accelerating, work is being done upon it. The concepts of force and energy take us in this section into the area of dynamics. The concepts of work and energy are closely related. The work done on a point mass2 by a net constant force F is defined Work-Energy Theorem the work done on an object goes to increase the object’s mechanical energy. This energy can be either kinetic energy, potential energy, or both. Both types of energy can be defined with reference to Figures 7 where an object of mass m is shown responding to an applied force in two ways. In Figure 7a the object is being moved to the left in our field of view along a horizontal, frictionless surface. In Figure 7b the object is being moved vertically upwards. Figure 7a enables us to define kinetic energy most easily. Figure 7b enables us to define potential energy. We first consider the former in the next section. ? ? W = F r = Frcos ? , †¦[13] (unit joules, abbreviated J). Here r is the object’s displacement vector and ? is the angle between the vectors F and r. (The symbol indicates the scalar or â€Å"dot† product of vectors. ) According to the F m hf Fg ? v = 0 F speed vf m ? h = 0 F speed vi m ? h reference position m Fg Figure 7. An object is shown responding to a force in two ways. In (a) the surface is horizontal and frictionless, so the work done by the source of the force F goes entirely into increasing the object’s kinetic energy. In (b) F is greater then the weight | F g | of the object by some infinitesimal amount so the work done by the source of the force goes entirely into increasing the object’s potential energy. F (a) hi (b) L2-6 Linear Motion L2 Kinetic Energy Suppose (Figure 7a) that we are able to measure the instantaneous speed of the object at the clock times ti and tf when the object is at positions ri and rf, respectively. The object is receiving a force F and is being accelerated. In general, F is not constant. The work done on the object between ri and rf is, from a generalization of eq[13] 3 1 1 = m? v 2 – vi2 ? . f ? 2 ? The work done is therefore the difference between two terms: W= 1 2 1 2 mv – mv . 2 f 2 i †¦[14] ? ? ? ? W = ? F dr = m? a dr = m? adr , since the vectors a and dr are parallel. Changing the variable of integration from r to v gives 4 If we call the expression mv2/2 the kinetic energy Ek, or the energy of motion, eq[14] can be written W = Ekf †“ Eki = ? Ek . †¦[15] dv dr ? , W = m? ? ? dt dt dt ? = m? v vdv , i vf In this particular case W is a positive number, i. e. , the kinetic energy of the object is increasing. The work done on the object is therefore equal to this increase in kinetic energy. This is one-half of the Work-Energy Theorem. Potential Energy If we assume in Figure 7b that the magnitude of the applied force F is insignificantly greater than the weight of the object acting downwards then the object moves upwards a distance ? h = hf – hi in some elapsed time at zero speed (thus acquiring negligible kin-etic energy). From the definition, eq[13], the work done on the object is W = E pf – Epi = ? Ep . †¦[17] ? ? W = ? F dr , = ? h mgdr . i hf Once again the work done is seen to be equal to the difference between two terms: W = mghf – mghi . †¦[16] If we call the expression mgh the potential energy of the object at the position h relative to the position 0 and denote it Ep we can write eq[16] as This is also a positive number. Thus the work done on the object is equal to the increase in the object’s potential energy. This is the second half of the Work-Energy Theorem. The change in kinetic energy is zero here. This energy is potential energy, gravitational potential energy to be exact. This is the energy an object possesses by virtue of its position relative to some reference position in a gravitational field. This energy is the work required (by us) to move the object (very slowly) to the final position from the initial, reference position. Now Figures 7 describe two idealized situations where the object is moving either horizontally or vertically. Should the object be moving on an inclined plane it will be moving at an acute angle relative to the horizontal and will therefore undergo changes in both kinetic and potential energy. One of the objects of this experiment is to study this general case. L2-7 L2 Linear Motion The Experiment Exercise 0. Preparation First Steps Identify the glider stowed on top of your air blower. Find the spacer. Identify the detector (the blue box) mounted just beyond the near end of the track) and the universal interface (ULI) board mounted on the front of the blower box. Simple Measurements You are going to log the glider’s mechanical energy so you need its mass. You can weigh it on one of the electronic balances in the lab. Measure the thickness of the spacer with the vernier caliper. The Air Track The object whose motion you will study is a glider on an air track (Figure 8). An air track is an ideal device for studying the motion of an object like a glider since it supplies a thin film of air on which a glider, having just the right shape, can move with reduced friction. Identify the air track’s two rear feet and its single front foot. Confirm that elastic bands are in place to serve as bumpers for the glider. The detector and associated electronics in the ULI board log the glider’s position at clock times you can select. The detector emits pulses of ultrasound at a frequency of 50 kHz. These pulses travel out from the detector through the air, reflect from the reflector on the glider and then return. Since the speed of ultra-sound in air at room temperature is known, the computer is able to calculate the distance of the glider from the detector (the position) by timing the round trip of the pulse. 5 To get velocity and acceleration, the computer makes several measurements and calculates averages and rates of change. Motion Detector near bumper far bumper single front spacer goes under front footpad ? X = (2. 29  ± 0. 01) m spacer Y Figure 8. The air track shown in an inclined position (scale is exaggerated here). X is the distance between the single front foot and the midpoint of the two rear feet. For all tracks X = (2. 29  ± 0. 01) m. L2-8 Linear Motion L2 Checks to Minimize Friction To ensure that your glider moves with minimum friction check the following: Motion setup should run. The Opening Screen The opening screen shows three narrow graph areas (one of which is shown in Figure 10). The position versus clock time graph should be currently selected (a box should be drawn around it). To select any graph move the mouse to position the cross-hair pointer over the graph and then click the mouse button once. Notice on the clock time axis of the graphs that the program is set by default to record for 10 seconds. The Expected Value of Acceleration Locate the spacer you will be placing under the front footpad of your track. Based on the geometry of Figure 8 what value of acceleration should you expect for your glider? You need this number in the formula for potential energy (next section). Entering Formulas LoggerPro automatically computes velocity and acceleration from the basic values of position it records, but it must be instructed to calculate energy (since energy depends on your glider’s mass). You have to enter the formulas into LoggerPro’s spreadsheet. To do this select Data New Column Formula. Figure 9 shows a fragment of the screen which then appears. On separate calls to New Column enter formulas for kinetic energy, potential energy and total energy as is shown in the figure. Pay attention to the common spreadsheet syntax (â€Å"*† means multiply, â€Å"^† means to the power of, etc. ) Notice that you can select variables and functions from the popdown lists. You enter velocity as â€Å"Velocity† which you can either type in yourself or select from the Variables popdown list. Take your time here. Your TA will help you with these tasks. The formula you will likely have the most difficulty with is potential energy. Convince yourself the formula can be written ? Ep = m x (expected value of a) x position. Or, in LoggerPro notation: ? If ON, turn any and all equipment OFF. ? In order to run properly, the â€Å"V† angle of your glider must match the â€Å"V† angle of your track. Read and follow the instructions on the blower box. Turn the air blower ON. In order to run properly, your glider must be supported by air at sufficient pressure. Read and follow the instructions on the blower box. ? ? Level Check Your air track must be level when you start this experiment otherwise your glider will experience an unaccounted for acceleration. To check for level first remove any spacer that might have been left under the front footpad of the track. Place your glider on the midpoint of the track and look for any drifting right or left. If your glider does drift adjust the screw on the front foot of the track to compensate. When the track is level your glider should not drift appreciably left or right. Setting up the ULI Board Turn the ULI board ON by means of the switch located in its lower right hand corner. A LED on the board should glow red or green. ? Booting LoggerPro To boot the program follow these steps: ? With the computer ON log into your account n the FISSURE server as you learned to do at the Orientation Workshop. (If for any reason you cannot log in you can save your work temporarily in the â€Å"Student Temp Save† folder on the local hard drive. In any case, you can log in and out at any time. ) On the local harddrive â€Å"Macintosh HD†, locate and open folders in this order: â€Å"Physics† †PHYA10 †02. Linear Motion†. Inside â€Å"02. Linear Motion† double click the icon Linear Motion. LoggerPro and the Linear ? ? L2-9 L2 Linear Motion m * (expected value of a) * â€Å"Position†. What is the expected value of â€Å"a† based on a 2 cm spacer? If later, you find you have made a mistake in typing and wish to modify or remove the column go back to Data Modify Column and correct your mistake. When ready click OK. Changing the Graph in an Area By the time you have finished entering these formulas you may observe that the label down the left hand side of the graph has changed (look ahead to the left hand side of Figure 10). You can change what is displayed in a graph area. To do this place the pointer over the label and hold down the mouse button. You can then select the graph you wish from the list of Columns to Plot. Do this now to change the label on the first graph back to r (m). Figure 9. A fragment of the screen which appears when you select New Column. Exercise 1. First Launch, More Options and First Observations The objective of this exercise is to obtain some data from a first launch, to explore a few options of the program and to examine the data qualitatively. First Launch After you have levelled your air track to your satisfaction place the spacer under the front footpad of the track. The track is now inclined by some angle. Now release (don’t push) the glider from the top end of the track. Make sure the glider’s reflector is facing the motion detector. It is suggested that you record data between two bumps of the glider with the lower end of the track. When you are ready, click the Collect button. Repeat a few times to get graphs to your liking. After 10 seconds you should see screens resembling Figure 10. You should have 6 graphs of information altogether: Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy and Total Energy (the last three you have to select using Option 1 below). Before you get down to serious business you may wish to investigate one or more of the following options. However, if you wish to bypass the options you can go directly to the section First Observations. Option 1. Changing the Graph in an Area Notice in Figure 10 the label â€Å"r (m)†. You can L2-10 Linear Motion L2 change what is displayed in a graph area. To do this move the mouse to place the pointer over the label and hold down the mouse button. A list of Columns to Plot will then pop down. Select the graph you wish to be displayed in the area from this list. Option 2. Number of Panes You may wish to display one graph at a time or as many as four graphs. To change the number of panes select View Graph Layout†¦. Then click on the number of panes selection you wish. Graph produced by LoggerPro, copied to the clipboard and pasted directly into Microsoft Word. Figure 10. A Position vs time graph. This is one of the six screens of information you have collected at this stage of the experiment. Option 3. Saving If you wish to save your experiment choose File Save As†¦. Make sure you save your file in your account space on the campus server or in the â€Å"Student Temp Save† folder on the local hard drive. Option 4. Preparing for Printing Eventually, you will want to print your graphs on the laserwriter printers in the physics lab as proof of your work. To prepare for printing, choose File Page Setup. Fill in your name and any comment you wish to have appear beneath your graphs on the printed page and then click OK. Your partner may change this later to print graphs for his or herself. Option 5. Printing Before you attempt to print anything on the laserwriter printers in the physics lab, confirm that your output will go to the printer you expect. Select Chooser LaserWriter 8, then confirm that the correct printer (Physics LaserWriterI or PhysicsLaserWriter2) is selected. If in doubt about a printing issue ask your TA. To actually print a graph choose File Print Graphs. First Observations Before you apply mathematics to your data in any experiment it is often useful to obtain an overall qualitative â€Å"impression† of your data to determine if it is â€Å"reasonable†. To this end consider these questions: Questions: ? With reference to eqs[10] and [11] do you have a graph which is quadratic in time? Linear in time? Which graph describes a constant (between bumps)? ? Your position versus clock time graph resembles the path of a projectile in two dimensional space. Why? ? Explain in your own words why the velocity and acceleration graphs have the form you observe. ? From your velocity versus clock time graph you should be able to find a clock time at which the velocity of the glider was zero. What L2-11 L2 Linear Motion was the acceleration of the glider at this clock time? If the velocity of a body is zero can its acceleration be non-zero? Explain. With LoggerPro’s tools you can call up instantaneous values and tangents. To see instantaneous values choose Analyze Examine. One of the graphs will resemble Figure 11. If you now choose Analyze Tangent the tangent or slope at the position of the cursor will be shown on the graph. By means of the tangent function can you demonstrate to your satisfaction the validity of eq[4] and its counterpart for acceleration? A few tests are sufficient because you will continue this study in Exercise 3. When you wish to turn Analyze OFF choose Analyze Examine a second time. A better test of the validity of eqs[10] and [11] is a polynomial fit. This you will do in the next exercise. Graph produced by LoggerPro, copied to the clipboard and pasted directly into Microsoft Word. Figure 11. One of the six graph screens with Examine turned on. As you move the cursor with the mouse the position and time are updated at the top left corner of the screen. Exercise 2. Fitting Functions to Data The objective of this exercise is to test the validity of eqs[10] and [11] by seeing if they can be fitted to the appropriate set of your data, position, velocity or acceleration. The result of the fitting will yield the acceleration â€Å"a†. This value you can then compare with the â€Å"expected value† of Exercises 0 and 1. Fitting To fit a function to your data first select (click on) the appropriate graph. Then choose Analyze Examine. Place the cursor at the beginning of the range you wish to fit, hold down the mouse button and drag over the range you wish fitted. Make sure the range you select does not include a bump (after all, you are interested in linear motion and a bump is defnitely non-linear). If you wish to fit a straight line choose Analyze Linear Fit. If you wish a different kind of fit (a quadratic for example) choose Analyze Curvefit. The result of a linear fit might appear as shown in Figure 12. For this process to succeed you must pay close attention to the function to be fitted and the terms to be included. For example, eq[11] is what kind of function of time? Linear? Quadratic? What is the slope? What is the intercept? If you wish more information on the linefit (more digits etc) double click on the bar of the information window. The result will resemble Figure 13. L2-12 Linear Motion L2 Fit Results Find the acceleration â€Å"a† from the results of the fit of all three graphs (position, velocity and acceleration). How do the a alues compare with each other and with the expected value? Comment on the quality of the fits. If the fits are good it can be said that the equations â€Å"describe† the data. Graph produced by LoggerPro, copied to the clipboard and pasted directly into Microsoft Word. Figure 12. A range of data on a velocity vs clock time graph has been selected (shown by the square brack ets) and fitted to a straight line. To request more information about a fit double click on the bar of the fit information window (Figure 13). Graph produced by LoggerPro, copied to the clipboard and pasted directly into Microsoft Word. Figure 13. The graph of Figure 12 showing more information about the linefit. The slope is now seen to be -0. 0897  ± 0. 0001. Cor is the correlation coefficient. Exercise 3. Differentiation and Integration The objective of this exercise is to investigate how the variables of motion are related by differentiation and integration. Differentiation (Slope Studies) Identify the sections on the position versus clock time graph where the glider is moving towards and away from the origin. Explain in your own words why the position increases or decreases and when. Is the value obtained for the slope of the position versus clock time graph at some arbitrary clock time consistent in magnitude and sign with the value given for the velocity? Is the value obtained for the slope of the velocity versus clock time graph consistent in magnitude and sign with the value given for the acceleration? A few tests will suffice. L2-13 L2 Linear Motion Integration (Area Studies) Comparing two variables of motion related by differentiation- when one is the slope of the clock time graph of the other- is easy. But what if the relation is integration? To prepare ourselves we put eqs[9] and [10] in this form: (t 2 ) – r(t1 ) = ? t v(t)dt , 1 t2 †¦[18] where t1 and t2 are, of course, the clock time limits. As preparation for the following studies describe eq[18] in your own words. What does its left hand side mean? What does its right hand side mean? You might wish to include in your word description the phrases â€Å"difference between† and  "area under the curve of†¦ † or other equivalent phrases. Pay attention to the clock time limits. If you understand this expression enough to explain it in your own words you will have no trouble with the following activities. Calculating the area under a curve is easy with the software supplied. LoggerPro will compute the area under a region of a curve you select, i. e. , between two limits. You must first select the region by dragging with the mouse as was illustrated in Figure 12. Pick a region of the velocity versus clock time graph between two bumps (which is linear) and drag over the region to select it. Next choose Analyze Integrate. Your result might resemble Figure 14. Do your best to confirm eq[9]. Repeat in a similar fashion for the relationship between the velocity and acceleration. Graph produced by LoggerPro, copied to the clipboard and pasted directly into Microsoft Word. Figure 14. A velocity vs clock time graph showing an integration. The area under the curve for the time limits chosen is 0. 222 m/s/s. Other Features and Other Questions There are other features of the graphs whose interpretation involves interesting physics. For example, explain in your own words and with sketches why the features shown in Figures 15a and 15b appear on the velocity and acceleration graphs. Why does the acceleration go from zero to a maximum positive value then drop to zero again? Explain why both â€Å"positive† and â€Å"negative† bumps appear on the acceleration graphs. Does the magnitude of the velocity have the same value after, as before, a bump? What does this say about the kind of collision at the bump? L2-14 Linear Motion L2 Figure 15. Interesting structures in the velocity and acceleration graphs. Exercise 4. Energy The objective of this exercise is to examine as many aspects of energy as time permits. Viewing the Energy Graphs To view the energy graphs follow the procedure of Option 1 of Exercise 1. Your total energy graph may or may not resemble Figure 16. Observations and Questions Explain in your own words the characteristics of the kinetic energy graph. That is, answer or otherwise account for the following (interrelated) questions: Conservation of Energy Questions: ? Is mechanical energy conserved in this experiment? If not, why not? ? Why are the potential energy and kinetic energy graphs curves and not straight lines? Energy Loss Of course, friction is present here and does account (at least partially) for the decline in total energy. Explain how you might calculate the total energy lost per second? Other Questions What might be another source of energy loss besides friction? How would you go about quantifying this loss? ? ? ? What accounts for the â€Å"dips† in the kinetic energy graph? The dips in the kinetic energy graph show that the kinetic energy is zero for a brief instant. How is it possible for the glider to lose all of its kinetic energy and then regain it again? Describe all instances of work being done and by what agent. ? ? Graph produced by LoggerPro, copied to the clipboard and pasted directly into Microsoft Word. Figure 16. A total energy vs clock time graph. The energy is nearly a constant here at just under 0. 05 J. It would still be useful to find the energy lost per second from a linefit. L2-15 L2 Linear Motion Physics Demonstrations on LaserDisc There are many physics demonstrations on laserdisc dealing with motion in one dimension. Here are just a few of them: from Chapter 2 Linear Kinematics Demo 01-08 Constant Velocity Demo 01-11 Constant Acceleration from Chapter 3 Linear Dynamics Demo 03-01 Air Track Friction Stuart Quick 2003 End Notes for Linear Motion 1 2 If you can’t follow the calculus here go directly to the main equations [10] and [11]. By point mass is meant an object whose internal structure is to be neglected. Or in other words, a point mass is an idealized object of mass m of infinitely small size. Some of the work done on an object of finite size could conceivably go into increasing the object’s internal energy, something we wish to avoid here. In this guidesheet the word object will mean point mass. 3 If you wish to bypass the calculus go directly to the main results, eqs [15] and [16]. 4 5 This change is effected by putting a = dv and dr = dr dt. This is similar to how a bat sees in the dark using its own kind of ultrasound. It is also how a Polaroid autofocus camera determines the distance to an object to focus properly. Similar principles apply to ultrasound devices used in medicine and to various range-finding devices. dt dt L2-16

PRICE Surname Meaning and Family History

PRICE Surname Meaning and Family History Price is a patronymic surname derived from the Welsh ap Rhys, meaning son of Rhys. The given name Rhys means enthusiasm in Welsh. Price is the 84th most popular surname in the United States. Price is also popular in England, coming in as the 47th most common surname. Surname Origin:  Welsh Alternate Surname Spellings:  PRYCE, PRIS, PRYS, PREECE, PREES, PRICE, PREIS, PREUSS   Famous People with the PRICESurname Leontyne Price  - African-American professional soprano opera singerVincent Price  -  American actorBruce Price  - architect of many of the Canadian Pacific Railways Chà ¢teau-type stations and hotelsCarey Price -  Canadian hockey goaltender for the NHL Montreal CanadiensRichard Price - Welsh philosopherWilliam Price - 19th-century Welsh physician and eccentricFlorence Beatrice Price (born Smith)  -  award-winning African-American  pianist and composer Where is the PRICE Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from  Forebears, Price is the 1,357th most common surname in the world- found most prevalently in the United States, but most common in Wales based on percentage of the population bearing the name. The Price surname ranks as the 19th most common last name in Wales, 71st most common in England and 82nd most common in the United States. In  1881 the Price surname was most common in southern Wales, especially in Glamorganshire, Brecknockshire, Radnorshire and Monmouthshire. Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  also show the Price surname as especially common in Wales, as well as in the West Midlands region of England. Within the United States, Price is most common in the state of North Carolina, followed by South Carolina and West Virginia.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname PRICE 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Price, Priest, Pryce Surname DNA ProjectThis DNA project is connecting individuals with the Price surname and Welsh derivatives such as  Breece, Breeze, Brice, Bryce, Preece, Preecs, Prees, Priest, Pris, Prys, Reece, Rees, Reese, Rhys, Rice and the German variants Preis and Preuss, who are interested in using both Y-DNA and mtDNA testing to help discover common Price or Pryce ancestors. Price Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Price family crest or coat of arms for the Price surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Price Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Price ancestors around the world. Search or browse the archives for your Price ancestors, or join the group and post your own Price family query. FamilySearch - PRICE GenealogyExplore over 5.4  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Price surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - PRICE Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Price. GeneaNet - Price  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Price  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Price  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Price surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins